Factors Associated with Abortion Complications after the Implementation of a Surveillance Network (MUSA Network) in a University Hospital / Fatores associados a complicações do aborto após a implementação de um sistema de vigilância (Rede MUSA) em um hospital universitário

Abstract Objective To evaluate the factors associated with abortion complications following the implementation of the good-practice surveillance network Mujeres en Situación de Aborto (Women Undergoing Abortion, MUSA, in Spanish). Methods A cross-sectional study withwomen who underwent abortion due to any cause and in any age group at UNICAMP Women's Hospital (part of MUSA network), Campinas, Brazil, between July 2017 and Agust 2019. The dependent variable was the presence of any abortion-related complications during hospitalization. The independent variables were clinical and sociodemographic data. The Chi-square test, the Mann-Whitney test, and multiple logistic regression were used for the statistical analysis. Results Overall, 305 women were enrolled (mean±standard deviation [SD] for age: 29.79±7.54 years). The mean gestational age was 11.17 (±3.63) weeks. Accidental pregnancy occurred in 196 (64.5%) cases, 91 (29.8%) due to contraception failure. At least 1 complication was observed in 23 (7.54%) women, and 8 (34.8%) of them had more than 1. The most frequent complications were excessive bleeding and infection. The factors independently associated with a higher prevalence of complications were higher gestational ages (odds ratio [OR]: 1.22; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 1.09 to 1.37) and contraceptive failure (OR: 3.4; 95%CI: 1.32 to 8.71). Conclusion Higher gestational age and contraceptive failure were associated with a higher prevalence of complications. This information obtained through the surveillance network can be used to improve care, particularly in women more susceptible to unfavorable outcomes.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar os fatores associados às complicações em casos de aborto após a implementação da rede de vigilância de boas práticas Mujeres en Situación de Aborto (Mulheres em Situação de Aborto, MUSA, em espanhol). Métodos Um estudo transversal, com mulheres admitidas por aborto de qualquer causa e em qualquer faixa etária, no Hospital da Mulher da UNICAMP (parte da rede MUSA), Campinas, Brasil, entre julho de 2017 e agosto de 2019. A variável dependente foi a presença de qualquer complicação relacionada ao quadro de aborto durante a hospitalização. As variáveis independentes foram dados clínicos e sociodemográficos. O teste de qui-quadrado, o teste de Mann-Whitney, e a regressão logística múltipla foram usados na análise estatística. Resultados Foram incluídas 305 mulheres (média±desvio padrão [DP] da idade: 29,79±7,54 anos). A idade gestacional média foi de 11,17 (±3,63) semanas. A gravidez não foi planejada em 196 (64,5%) casos, 91 (29,8%) devido a falha de contraceptivo. Pelo menos 1 complicação foi observada em 23 (7,64%) mulheres, 8 (34,8%) das quais apresentaram mais de uma complicação. As complicações mais frequentes foram sangramento excessivo e infecção. Os fatores independentemente associados à maior prevalência de complicações foram idades gestacionais maiores (razão de chances [OR]: 1.22; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%]: 1.09 a 1.37) e falha de contraceptivo (OR: 3.4; IC95%: 1.32 a 8.71). Conclusão Maior idade gestacional e falha de contraceptivo estiveram associados à maior prevalência de complicações. As informações obtidas pela rede de vigilância podem ser usadas para melhorar o cuidado, particularmente nas mulheres mais suscetíveis a desfechos desfavoráveis.

Aborto inseguro no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil: magnitude e evolução de 2008 a 2017 / Unsafe abortions in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: magnitude and time trend from 2008 to 2017 / Aborto inseguro en el Estado de Río de Janeiro, Brasil: magnitud y evolución temporal de 2008 a 2017

Resumo: Dados sobre aborto inseguro são escassos e estimativas baseadas em internações apontaram decréscimo nos últimos anos. O objetivo foi analisar a evolução temporal de aborto inseguro no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, de 2008 a 2017. Utilizamos dados secundários de internações hospitalares no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) por complicações de aborto, para mulheres em idade fértil de 15-44 anos. Aplicamos estimativa indireta com fator de correção baseado em dados nacionais e do estado. Calculamos: taxa de abortos inseguros por mulheres em idade fértil (TAI-MIF), razão de abortos inseguros por nascidos vivos (RAI-NV), segundo faixa etária. Adicionalmente, calculamos novos indicadores: taxa de aborto espontâneo (TAE) e não especificado (TANE) por mulheres em idade fértil; razão de aborto espontâneo (RAE) e não especificado (RANE) por nascidos vivos, independentemente da idade. A tendência temporal foi por regressão Joinpoint, calculando a mudança percentual anual (MPA) e intervalo de 95% de confiança (IC95%). As mulheres que mais induziram aborto têm de 20-24 anos: TAI de 8 por mil. Gestações terminaram em aborto inseguro mais frequentemente na faixa de 40-44 anos: RAI entre 16 e 20 por 100 nascidos vivos. As adolescentes tiveram redução da TAI entre 2015 e 2017 (MPA = -10; IC95%: -18,2; -1,1), e houve aumento para aquelas de 40-44 anos, entre 2008 e 2017(MPA = 2,2; IC95%: 0,5; 4,0). Para outras faixas e para o indicador RAI-NV houve estabilidade. A TAE (MPA = -3,5; IC95%: -5,9; -1,0), e a RAE (MPA = -3,8; IC95%: -6,3; -1,2) reduziram enquanto a TANE (MPA = 6,6; IC95%: 1,7; 11,8) e a RANE (MPA = 6,4; IC95%: 1,6; 11,3) aumentaram no período. O aborto inseguro no Estado do Rio de Janeiro mostrou magnitude e evolução temporal diferenciadas segundo faixas etárias e código da CID-10.

Abstract: Data on unsafe abortions are scarce, and estimates based on hospitalizations have pointed to a decline in recent years. The study aimed to analyze the time trend in unsafe abortions in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 2008 to 2017. We used secondary data on hospitalizations in the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS) due to complications of abortion in childbearing-age women (CAW) 15 to 44 years of age. We applied indirect estimation with a correction factor based on national and state data. We calculated the unsafe abortion rate per CAW (UAR-CAW), ratio of unsafe abortions per live births (RUA-LB), according to age bracket. We also calculated new indicators: spontaneous abortion rate (SAR) and unspecified abortion rate (USAR) per CAW; ratio of spontaneous abortions (RSA) and ratio of unspecified abortions (RUSA) per live births, independently of age. Time trend was calculated by Joinpoint regression, calculating the annual percent change (APC) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). The women that most induced abortions were 20 to 24 years of age, with UAR of 8 per 1,000. Pregnancies that ended in unsafe abortion were most frequent in the 40-44-year bracket: UAR of 16 to 20 per 100 live births. Adolescents showed a reduction in UAR from 2015 to 2017 (APC = -10; 95%CI: -18.2; -1.1), while there was an increase in women 40-44 years of age from 2008 to 2017 (APC = 2.2; 95%CI 0.5 to 4.0). The other age brackets and the indicator UAR-LB showed stability. SAR (APC = -3.5; 95%CI: -5.9; -1.0), and RSA (APC = -3.8; 95%CI: -6.3; -1.2) decreased, while USAR (APC = 6.6; 95%CI: 1.7; 11.8) and RUSA (APC = 6.4; 95%CI: 1.6; 11.3) increased during the period. The magnitude and time trend of unsafe abortions in the State of Rio de Janeiro differed according to age bracket and ICD-10 code.

Resumen: Los datos sobre aborto inseguro son escasos y las estimativas basadas en internamientos aportaron un descenso durante los últimos anos. El objetivo fue analizar la evolución temporal de aborto inseguro en el Estado de Río de Janeiro, Brasil, de 2008 a 2017. Utilizamos datos secundarios de internamientos hospitalarios en el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) por complicaciones de aborto, en mujeres en edad fértil de 15 a 44 años. Aplicamos una estimativa indirecta con factor de corrección, basado en datos nacionales y del estado. Calculamos: tasa de abortos inseguros por mujeres en edad fértil (TAI-MIF), razón de abortos inseguros por nacidos vivos (RAI-NV), según franja de edad. Asimismo, calculamos nuevos indicadores: tasa de aborto espontáneo (TAE) y no especificado (TANE) por mujeres en edad fértil; razón de aborto espontáneo (RAE) y no especificado (RANE) por nacidos vivos, independientemente de la edad. La tendencia temporal fue por regresión Joinpoint, calculando el cambio de porcentaje anual (MP) e intervalo de 95% de confianza (IC95%). Las mujeres que más indujeron el aborto tienen de 20 a 24 años: TAI de 8 por mil. Las gestaciones terminaron en aborto inseguro más frecuentemente en la franja de 40-44 años: RAI entre 16 y 20 por 100 nacidos vivos. Las adolescentes tuvieron una reducción de la TAI entre 2015 y 2017 (MPA = -10; IC95%: -18,2; -1,1), y hubo aumento para aquellas de 40-44 años, entre 2008 y 2017 (MPA = 2,2; IC95%: 0,5; 4,0). Para otras franjas y para el indicador RAI-NV hubo estabilidad. La TAE (MPA = -3,5; IC95%: -5,9; -1,0), y la RAE (MPA = -3,8; IC95%: -6,3; -1,2) se redujeron mientras la TANE (MPA = 6,6; IC95%: 1,7; 11,8) y la RANE (MPA = 6,4; IC95%: 1,6; 11,3) aumentaron durante el período. El aborto inseguro en el Estado de Río de Janeiro mostró magnitud y evolución temporal diferenciadas, según franjas etarias y código de la CIE-10.

Systematic review and Meta-analysis on efficacy and safety of Gongxuening Capsules in treatment of abnormal vaginal bleeding after medical abortion / 中国中药杂志

To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of Gongxuening Capsules in the treatment of abnormal vaginal bleeding after medical abortion. CNKI, Wanfang, SinoMed, VIP, PubMed, Cochrane Library and EMbase databases were retrieved to comprehensively collect the clinical randomized controlled trials(RCTs) of Gongxuening Capsules for treatment of abnormal vaginal bleeding after medical abortion from the establishment of the databases to October 10, 2020. Literature screening, data extraction and quality evaluation were conducted independently by two system reviewers according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Cochrane Handbook bias risk assessment tool was used for the literature methodology quality evaluation, RevMan 5.3 software was used for Meta-analysis, and the evidence quality of outcomes was evaluated by the evidence quality grading system(GRADE). A total of 16 RCTs were inclu-ded. The results of Meta-analysis showed that as compared with the western medicine treatment alone, the addition of Gongxuening Capsules to the western medicine treatment can reduce the amount of vaginal bleeding(RR=1.23, 95%CI[1.19, 1.27], P<0.000 01), shorten vaginal bleeding time(RR_(≤15 d number of people)=1.39, 95%CI[1.31, 1.48], P<0.000 01; MD_(number ofdays)=-1.20, 95%CI[-1.66,-0.74],P<0.000 01). However, there was no obvious advantage in abortion effect(RR=1.02, 95%CI[0.99, 1.06], P=0.14) and menstrual recovery(MD=-0.35, 95%CI[-0.96, 0.25], P=0.25). The results of GRADE showed that the grading level was low for vaginal bleeding volume and vaginal bleeding time, and extremely low for abortion effect and mens-trual recovery. In terms of safety, 16 studies reported adverse events. Only one study showed no adverse events and the rest showed transient nausea, vomiting, stomach burning, upper abdominal discomfort and other gastrointestinal symptoms. The results show that the addition of Gongxuening Capsules to the application of western medicine in treatment of drug abortion can reduce the amount of vaginal bleeding and shorten vaginal bleeding time, but the abortion effect and menstrual recovery have no obvious advantages. The use of Gongxuening Capsules helps to achieve less adverse reactions and higher safety. Due to the small sample size of the included studies and many methodological quality problems, no conclusions with clinical guidance value can be obtained. Large sample-zise, high-qua-lity randomized controlled trials are still needed for further verification.

Delays in access to care for abortion-related complications: the experience of women in Northeast Brazil / Atrasos no acesso ao tratamento das complicações relacionadas ao aborto: a experiência das mulheres no Nordeste brasileiro / Retrasos en el acceso a cuidados médicos para complicaciones relacionadas con el aborto: la experiencia de mujeres en el nordeste brasileño

Abstract: Around 18 million unsafe abortions occur in low and middle-income countries and are associated with numerous adverse consequences to women's health. The time taken by women with complications to reach facilities where they can receive appropriate post-abortion care can influence the risk of death and the extent of further complications. All women aged 18+ admitted for abortion complications to public-sector hospitals in three capital cities in the Northeastern Brazil between August-December 2010 were interviewed; medical records were extracted (N = 2,804). Nearly all women (94%) went straight to a health facility, mainly to a hospital (76.6%); the rest had various care-seeking paths, with a quarter visiting 3+ hospitals. Women waited 10 hours on average before deciding to seek care. 29% reported difficulties in starting to seek care, including facing challenges in organizing childcare, a companion or transport (17%) and fear/stigma (11%); a few did not initially recognize they needed care (0.4%). The median time taken to arrive at the ultimate facility was 36 hours. Over a quarter of women reported experiencing difficulties being admitted to a hospital, including long waits (15%), only being attended after pregnant women (8.9%) and waiting for a bed (7.4%). Almost all women (90%) arrived in good condition, but those with longer delays were more likely to have (mild or severe) complications. In Brazil, where access to induced abortion is restricted, women face numerous difficulties receiving post-abortion care, which contribute to delay and influence the severity of post-abortion complications.

Resumo: Cerca de 18 milhões de abortos são realizados por ano em condições inseguras nos países de renda baixa e média, associados a numerosas consequências negativas para a saúde das mulheres. O tempo despendido pelas mulheres com complicações até chegar aos serviços onde possam receber os cuidados adequados no período pós-aborto podem influenciar o risco de morte e o grau das complicações posteriores. Foram entrevistadas todas as mulheres com 18 anos ou mais internadas devido a complicações do aborto em hospitais públicos em capitais estaduais do Nordeste brasileiro entre agosto e dezembro de 2010, e os prontuários foram analisados (N = 2.804). Quase todas as mulheres (94%) se dirigiram diretamente a um serviço de saúde, principalmente hospitais (76,6%), enquanto as outras seguiram diversos itinerários em busca de atendimento. Uma em cada quatro mulheres percorreu três ou mais hospitais. As mulheres esperavam uma média de dez horas antes de decidir buscar atendimento. 29% relatavam dificuldades no início da busca, inclusive desafios na organização dos cuidados dos filhos, com acompanhantes ou transporte (17%) e medo/estigma (11%). Uma pequena minoria (0,4%) não se deu conta inicialmente da necessidade de cuidados médicos. O tempo mediano para chegar até o serviço de saúde finalmente utilizado foi 36 horas. Mais de uma em cada quatro mulheres relatava dificuldades em conseguir internação hospitalar, inclusive tempo de espera prolongado (15%), atendimento apenas depois que todas as mulheres grávidas estivessem sido atendidas (8,9%) e espera por um leito (7,4%). Quase todas as mulheres (90%) chegavam em boas condições, mas aquelas sujeitas a esperas mais prolongadas mostraram maior probabilidade de complicações (tanto leves quanto graves). No Brasil, onde o acesso ao aborto induzido é restrito, as mulheres enfrentam muitas dificuldades para receber cuidados pós-aborto, o que contribui aos atrasos e impacta a gravidade das complicações pós-aborto.

Resumen: Cerca de 18 millones de abortos inseguros se producen en países de renta media o baja y están asociados con numerosas consecuencias adversas para la salud de la mujer. El tiempo que tardan las mujeres con complicaciones en llegar a los servicios médicos, donde puedan recibir cuidados apropiados tras un aborto, puede tener influencia en el riesgo de muerte y existencia de futuras complicaciones de salud. Todas las mujeres con 18+ años, admitidas por complicaciones durante un aborto en hospitales del sector público de tres capitales del Nordeste brasileño, entre agosto y diciembre de 2010, fueron entrevistadas; y sus historiales médicos resumidos (N = 2.804). Casi todas las mujeres (94%) fueron directamente a una institución sanitaria, en su mayoría un hospital (76,6%); el resto buscaron diferentes vías de cuidados, con una cuarta parte visitando 3+ hospitales. Las mujeres esperaron 10 horas de media antes de decidir buscar cuidados. Un 29% informó de dificultades al empezar a buscar cuidados, incluyendo el hacer frente a los desafíos para organizar el cuidado infantil, un acompañante o transporte (17%) y miedo/estigma (11%); otras en un principio no reconocieron la necesidad de cuidados (0,4%). La media de tiempo que les llevaba llegar al servicio de salud definitivo era 36 horas. Más de un cuarto de las mujeres informaron vivir dificultades estando admitidas en un hospital, incluyendo largas esperas (15%), sólo siendo atendidas tras las mujeres embarazadas (8,9%) y esperando una cama (7,4%). Casi todas las mujeres (90%) llegaron en buenas condiciones, pero aquellas con retrasos más largos eran las que estaban más expuestas a tener complicaciones (leves o graves). En Brasil, donde el acceso al aborto inducido está limitado, las mujeres se enfrentan a numerosas dificultades para recibir cuidado tras un aborto, lo que contribuye a retrasos e influye en la gravedad de las complicaciones post aborto.

Relationships between female infertility and female genital infections and pelvic inflammatory disease: a population-based nested controlled study

OBJECTIVES: Our purpose was to examine the associations of female genital infections and certain comorbidities with infertility. METHODS: The Taiwan National Health Research Database was searched for women with a new diagnosis of infertility between 2000 and 2013. Women without a diagnosis of infertility served as a control group and were matched with the infertility cases by age (±3 years) and index year. They were divided into two groups: ≤40 years old and >40 years old. Univariate and multivariate conditional logistic regression models were employed to identify the risk factors associated with infertility. RESULTS: A total of 18,276 women with a new diagnosis of infertility and 73,104 matched controls (mean cohort age, 31±6.2 years) were included. According to the adjusted multivariate analysis, pelvic inflammatory disease involving the ovary, fallopian tube, pelvic cellular tissue, peritoneum (odds ratio (OR)=4.823), and uterus (OR=3.050) and cervical, vaginal, and vulvar inflammation (OR=7.788) were associated with an increased risk of infertility in women aged ≤40 years. In women aged >40 years, pelvic inflammatory disease of the ovary, fallopian tube, pelvic cellular tissue, and peritoneum (OR=6.028) and cervical, vaginal, and vulvar inflammation (OR=6.648) were associated with infertility. Obesity, lipid metabolism disorders, dysthyroidism, abortion (spontaneous or induced), bacterial vaginosis, endometritis, and tubo-ovarian abscess were associated with an increased risk of infertility according to the univariate analysis but not the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Female genital tract infections, but not the comorbidities studied here, are associated with an increased risk of infertility.

Maus-tratos e discriminação na assistência ao aborto provocado: a percepção das mulheres em Teresina, Piauí, Brasil / Maltreatment and discrimination in induced abortion care: perception of women in Teresina, State of Piauí, Brazil

Resumo O tratamento das complicações do aborto provocado pode ser dificultado por atitudes de discriminação praticadas por profissionais de saúde nos hospitais e serviços de aborto. Este artigo recuperou histórias de violência institucional entre mulheres que provocaram o aborto em condições ilegais e inseguras. Foram entrevistadas 78 mulheres internadas em um hospital público de referência em Teresina por complicações do aborto provocado. Utilizou-se roteiro semiestruturado com perguntas sobre práticas e itinerários de aborto e violência institucional durante a internação. Práticas discriminatórias e de maus-tratos durante a assistência foram relatadas por 26 mulheres, principalmente entre aquelas que confessaram a indução do aborto. Julgamento moral, ameaças de denúncia à polícia, negligência no controle da dor, longa espera pela curetagem uterina e internação conjunta com puérperas foram os principais tipos de violência institucional narrados. As práticas de violência institucional na assistência ao aborto provocado violam o dever de acolhimento do serviço de saúde e impedem que as mulheres tenham suas necessidades de saúde atendidas.

Abstract Treatment of complications resulting from induced abortion may be hampered by discriminatory attitudes manifested by healthcare professionals in hospitals and abortion services. This article retrieved stories of institutional abuse directed at women who had an induced abortion in illegal and unsafe conditions. Seventy-eight women admitted to a public hospital in Teresina for complications after an induced abortion were interviewed. A semi-structured script was used with questions about practices and itineraries of abortion and institutional violence during hospitalization. Discriminatory practices and maltreatment during care were reported by 26 women, especially among those who confessed to induction of the abortion. Moral judgement, threat of filing a complaint to the police, negligence in the control of pain, long wait for uterine curettage, and hospitalization with mothers who have recently given birth were the main types of institutional violence reported by women. Cases of institutional violence in the care of induced abortion violates the duty of the healthcare service and prevents women from receiving the necessary health care.

Las pesadillas como un síntoma clave para el diagnóstico de la psicopatología posaborto / Nightmares as a key symptom in diagnosing post-abortion psychopathology

Reactions to severe stress and adjustment disorders may go unnoticed if their symptoms are not related to the original traumatic situation; they may be masked by different psychosomatic complaints or mistaken for other mental disorders. If the disorder goes undiagnosed, the treatment and the psychotherapeutic approach will not be effective, resulting in chronicity and treatment resistance. Therefore, in order to achieve the desired diagnosis, besides the comprehensive assessment of disturbances, it was of great help to explore a symptom which, although frequently reported by patients, can go unnoticed in the psychopathology of these disorders: distressing dreams or nightmares. We consistently noticed that distressing dreams or nightmares in women with various affective and behavioral disorders would appear to be a premonitory symptom of the post-abortion traumatic origins of the condition and a call to consider such hypothesis. The conclusion is that nightmares are very sensitive and specific indicators of the presence of post-traumatic disorders. Therefore, in order to reach the desired efficiency in the diagnosis and treatment of post-abortion psychopathology, we postulate that, in all affective or adjustment disorders, in addition to a comprehensive assessment of their disturbances, the presence of abortion-related persistent nightmares should be taken into account or investigated, since they are often the key symptom in identifying post-abortive reactivity within the disorde

Las reacciones al estrés grave y los trastornos de adaptación pueden pasar inadvertidos, enmascarados por diferentes quejas psicosomáticas o confundidos con otras alteraciones mentales, si sus síntomas no se relacionan con el trauma que los originó. Si el trastorno queda sin diagnosticar, su tratamiento y abordaje psicoterapéutico no serán efectivos, dando lugar a la cronicidad y resistencia de la afección. Pero para llegar a dicho diagnóstico, además de la evaluación integral de las alteraciones, nos fue de gran ayuda la exploración de un síntoma que, aunque referido frecuentemente por las pacientes, puede pasar desapercibido en el conjunto psicopatológico de estos trastornos: los sueños angustiosos o pesadillas. De forma repetida fuimos comprobando que los ensueños angustiosos o pesadillas, en mujeres con diversos trastornos afectivos y conductuales, parecían ser un síntoma premonitorio del origen traumático posabortivo de la sintomatología y una llamada de alerta que obligaba a tener en cuenta dicha hipótesis, llegando finalmente a la conclusión de que las pesadillas son indicadores muy sensibles y específicos de la presencia de alteraciones postraumáticas. Por ello, para lograr la deseada eficiencia en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la psicopatología posabortiva, postulamos que, ante todo trastorno afectivo o conductual-desadaptativo, aparte de una evaluación integral de sus alteraciones, se tenga muy en cuenta -o se investigue en su caso- la presencia de pesadillas persistentes sobre temas abortivos, por ser éstas muchas veces el síntoma clave en la identificación de la reactividad posabortiva de los trastornos

El modelo de la adaptación ante la infertilidad de la pareja / The model of adaptation to the infertility of the couple

Introducción: los modelos conceptuales constituyen un marco de referencia para la práctica de enfermería y para tratar a la pareja infértil, el modelo de la adaptación de Sor Callixta Roy permite que los profesionales utilicen como herramienta el "Proceso de Atención de Enfermería" para ofrecer un cuidado de excelencia. OBJETIVO: diseñar la propuesta de actuación de enfermería ante parejas infértiles a través del modelo de la adaptación de Sor Callixta Roy. MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo con las parejas tratadas en el "Centro territorial de atención a la pareja infértil" de la provincia de Cienfuegos tributarias de fertilización invitro. La muestra fue de 92 mujeres. RESULTADOS: predominó el grupo de mujeres de 36 a 40 años (35,9 por ciento), en cuanto a la edad en que iniciaron las relaciones sexuales el 39,1 por ciento lo hizo antes de los 14 años, aunque predominó el grupo entre 15 y 19 años. El grupo de 36 a 40 años fue el que refirió mayor número de parejas sexuales. El 52,2 por ciento se realizó al menos una interrupción provocada, el grupo entre 36 y 40 años fue el que más incurrió con 18,5 por ciento y hubo algunas que utilizaron este proceder tres veces o más como método anticonceptivo. El 16,3 por ciento de las mujeres nunca logró un embarazo en su vida reproductiva; el 78,2 por ciento, entre 1 y 3. En el 18,4 por ciento fue diagnosticada la clamidia y en el 23,9 por ciento otras infecciones. Solo el 6,5 por ciento de las mujeres no tenían dificultades para la reproducción por lo que el problema era de causa masculina. CONCLUSIONES: predominaron los factores de riesgo para las infecciones de transmisión sexual, así como un gran número de abortos provocados(AU)

INTRODUCTION: the conceptual models constitute a reference mark for the nursery practice and to treat the infertile couple. The model of adaptation of Sor Callixta Roy allows that the professionals use the "Process of nursery Care" as a tool to offer an excellence care. OBJECTIVE: to design the proposal of Nursery Care to infertile couples through the model of the adaptation of Sor Callixta Roy. METHOD: descriptive and retrospective study with the couples tried in the territorial "Center of Care to the infertile couple" of Cienfuegos tributaries to fertilization invitro; from a universe of 251 couples was selected a sample of 92 (36.6 percent) histories charts with the aleatory simple method whose were taken to a form the necessary variables. The datas were processed with SPSS version 15.0 and the results are shown in charts. RESULTS: the risk factors prevail for the infections of sexual transmission as well as the carrying out of great number of induced miscarriages which constitute causes of infertility. Other factors are evidence that allow to confirm that many cases can be avoided and the great mayority can solve their situation. CONCLUSIONS: the risk factors prevail for the infections of sexual transmission as well as the carrying out of great number of induced miscarriages which constitute causes of infertility(AU)

Aborto y salud mental de la mujer / Aborto e saúde mental da mulher / Abortion and the mental health of women

La existencia o no de alteraciones de la salud mental de la mujer como consecuencia del aborto es algo que suscita en el momento actual un vivo debate, pues, junto a convencidos profesionales que defienden su existencia, otros se manifiestan totalmente opuestos a ello. Para abordar este tema hemos evaluado algunas de las más recientes revisiones que nos han parecido de calidad metodológica contrastada, así como también algunos de los últimos artículos publicados. Podemos concluir que no existe un síndrome posaborto como tal, pero sí trastornos psicológicos secundarios al aborto. Finalmente, reflexionamos sobre en qué medida el sentimiento de culpabilidad que la mujer pueda experimentar por haber abortado podría influir en la presentación o no de trastornos psicológicos tras el acto abortivo.

The existence or the lack of alterations of mental health of women as consequence of abortion currently arises a lively debate, since, while there are convinced professionals defending its existence, others are completely opposed to it. In order to examine this issue we have evaluated some of most recent reviews considering they have contrasted methodological value, as well as some of the latest published articles. We can conclude that there is no post abortion syndrome as such, but there are secondary psychological disorders after abortion. Finally, we reflect about in which extent the feeling of guilt that woman may experiment for having aborted may influence the presentation or not of psychological disorders after the abortion act.

A existência ou não de alterações da saúde mental da mulher como consequência do aborto é algo que suscita no momento atual um vivo debate, pois, junto a convencidos profissionais que defendem a sua existência, outros se manifestam totalmente opostos a isso. Para abordar este tema avaliamos algumas das mais recentes revisões que nos pareceram de qualidade metodológica comprovada, assim como também alguns dos últimos artigos publicados. Podemos concluir que não existe uma síndrome pós-aborto como tal, mas sim transtornos psicológicos secundários ao aborto. Finalmente, refletimos sobre em que medida o sentimento de culpabilidade que a mulher pode experimentar por haver abortado poderia influir na apresentação ou não de transtornos psicológicos após o ato abortivo.

Temporal trends and spatial distribution of unsafe abortion in Brazil, 1996-2012 / Tendência temporal e distribuição espacial do aborto inseguro no Brasil, 1996-2012 / Tendência temporal e distribuição espacial do aborto inseguro no Brasil, 1996-2012

OBJECTIVE To analyze temporal trends and distribution patterns of unsafe abortion in Brazil. METHODS Ecological study based on records of hospital admissions of women due to abortion in Brazil between 1996 and 2012, obtained from the Hospital Information System of the Ministry of Health. We estimated the number of unsafe abortions stratified by place of residence, using indirect estimate techniques. The following indicators were calculated: ratio of unsafe abortions/100 live births and rate of unsafe abortion/1,000 women of childbearing age. We analyzed temporal trends through polynomial regression and spatial distribution using municipalities as the unit of analysis. RESULTS In the study period, a total of 4,007,327 hospital admissions due to abortions were recorded in Brazil. We estimated a total of 16,905,911 unsafe abortions in the country, with an annual mean of 994,465 abortions (mean unsafe abortion rate: 17.0 abortions/1,000 women of childbearing age; ratio of unsafe abortions: 33.2/100 live births). Unsafe abortion presented a declining trend at national level (R2: 94.0%, p < 0.001), with unequal patterns between regions. There was a significant reduction of unsafe abortion in the Northeast (R2: 93.0%, p < 0.001), Southeast (R2: 92.0%, p < 0.001) and Central-West regions (R2: 64.0%, p < 0.001), whereas the North (R2: 39.0%, p = 0.030) presented an increase, and the South (R2: 22.0%, p = 0.340) remained stable. Spatial analysis identified the presence of clusters of municipalities with high values for unsafe abortion, located mainly in states of the North, Northeast and Southeast Regions. CONCLUSIONS Unsafe abortion remains a public health problem in Brazil, with marked regional differences, mainly concentrated in the socioeconomically disadvantaged regions of the country. Qualification of attention to women’s health, especially to reproductive aspects and attention to pre- and post-abortion processes, ...

OBJETIVO Analisar tendências temporais e padrões de distribuição espacial do aborto inseguro no Brasil. MÉTODOS Estudo ecológico realizado com base nos registros das internações hospitalares de mulheres por abortamento no Brasil, no período de 1996-2012, obtidos do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Ministério da Saúde. Estimou-se o número de abortos inseguros segundo local de residência, utilizando-se técnicas de estimativas indiretas. Foram calculados os indicadores: razão de aborto inseguro por 100 nascidos vivos e coeficiente de aborto inseguro por 1.000 mulheres em idade fértil. As tendências temporais foram analisadas por regressão polinomial e a distribuição espacial utilizando os municípios brasileiros como unidade de análise. RESULTADOS Foram registradas 4.007.327 internações hospitalares por abortamento no Brasil no período. Estimou-se um total de 16.905.911 abortos inseguros, com média anual de 994.465 abortos (coeficiente médio de aborto inseguro de 17,0 abortos/1.000 mulheres em idade fértil e razão de 33,2 abortos inseguros/100 nascidos vivos). O aborto inseguro apresentou tendência de declínio em nível nacional (R2: 94,0%; p < 0,001), com padrões desiguais entre as regiões. As regiões Nordeste (R2: 93,0%; p < 0,001), Sudeste (R2: 92,0%; p < 0,001) e Centro-Oeste (R2: 64,0%; p < 0,001) apresentaram tendência de declínio, enquanto a região Norte (R2: 39,0%; p = 0,030), tendência de aumento, e a região Sul (R2: 22,0%; p = 0,340), de estabilidade. A análise espacial identificou a presença de clusters de municípios com altos valores de abortos inseguros, localizados especialmente em estados das regiões Norte, Nordeste e Sudeste. CONCLUSÕES O aborto inseguro se mantém ...

profile of mortality and morbidity outcomes of illegal abortions in Lahore

To evaluate the morbidity, mortality and sociodemographic characteristics of illegally induced, unsafe abortion and their relationship with different modes of management. This descriptive study was conducted in Department of Gynae/Obs; Social Security Hospital, Lahore from June 2009 - November2010. A total of 105 cases admitted in the hospital with complications of unsafe abortion that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The patients/their female attendants were interviewed by doctors. The patients were examined in detail, investigated and managed accordingly. A structured proforma was used to collect data. The data were analyzed. Out of 105 cases, 68[64.8%] were below 30 years. Eighty six [81.9%] were married and rest 19[18.1%] were unmarried females. Forty seven [44.8%] women were illiterate. About 2/3[rd] women were from lower socioeconomic [SE] class and 1/3[rd] from lower middle SE class. Only 63 patients [60.5%] were having some knowledge of contraceptives. Thirty eight [36.2%] abortions were conducted by Doctors [outside the public hospital], 34[32.4%] by untrained birth attendants and 33[31.4%] by Nurses/ lady health visitors [LHVs]. Forty [38.1%] women were managed conservatively, 38[36.2%] by D and C and 27[25.7%] by laparotomy. Significantly higher number of patients [41%] underwent laparotomy whose abortion was conducted by untrained providers. Ninety five [90.5%] patients recovered while 10[9.5%] expired due to serious complications. Illegal abortions are more common among lower socioeconomic class and are associated with significant mortality and morbidity especially provided by unskilled providers. Further studies to assess social, cultural, legal and health system correlates are indicated

Adolescentes estudantes: conhecimentos das complicações do aborto provocado / Adolescentes estudiantes: conocimientos de las complicaciones de abortamiento / Female teenager students: knowledge abortion complications

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar o conhecimento das complicações do aborto provocado e sua relação coma a idade. Estudo transversal, realizado em escolas de Maceió, Alagoas, com estudantes dos 12 aos 19 anos. A amostra foi calculada considerando-se os dados de internação de curetagem pós aborto. Usou-se o programa Epi Info versão 3.6 para análise dos dados. Das 2592 adolescentes estudadas, 65,64 por cento não conheciam nenhuma complicação do aborto provocado e as complicações mais citadas foram morte e esterilidade. Manifestações clínicas do aborto foram incorretamente citadas como complicações. Encontrou-se significação entre o conhecimento das complicações esterilidade e hemorragia e idade. A morte foi significativa para menores de 15 anos e a esterilidade para as maiores. Conclui-se que as adolescentes não conhecem corretamente as complicações do aborto provocado, o que demonstra o risco daquelas que o provocam, verifica-se, portanto, a necessidade de maiores esclarecimentos sobre o tema bem como da educação sexual.

El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar el conocimiento de las complicaciones del aborto inducido y su relación con la edad. Estudio transversal, realizado en escuelas, de Maceió, Alagoas, Brasil, con adolescentes de los 12 a los 19 años. La muestra fue calculada a partir de los datos de las internaciones para legrado después del aborto. Fue usado para analiza de los datos el Epi Info. De las 2592 adolescentes estudiadas, 65.64 por ciento no sabían de ninguna complicación del aborto inducido y las complicaciones mas citadas fueran muerte y esterilidad. Las manifestaciones clínicas del aborto también fueran citadas como complicaciones. Hube significación entre el conocimiento de la esterilidad y la hemorragia y edad. La muerte fue significativa para las menores de 15 años y la esterilidad para las más grandes. Se concluye que las adolescentes no sabían correctamente las complicaciones del aborto inducido, lo que demuestra el riesgo para aquellas que lo inducen.

This study aimed to identify the knowledge about induced abortion complications and its relation to age. This is a crosssectional study performed in schools of Maceió, state of Alagoas, Brazil, with students 12 to 19 years old. The sample was calculated considering post-abortion curettage data. The Epi Info computer program was used for data analysis. From 2,592 female adolescents studied, 65.64 percent didn’t know about any complications of induced abortion. The most mentioned complications were death and sterility. Clinical manifestations of abortion were wrongly mentioned by them as complications. Signification was found between the knowledge of the complications sterility, hemorrhage, and age. Death was significant for girls under 15 and sterility for the older ones. The conclusion is that female adolescents don't have a correct knowledge of induced abortion complications, which shows the risk suffered by the ones that induce it. Thus, there is a need to further clarify the issue and for sexual education.

Toxicidad del misoprostol sobre la gestación: Revisión de la literatura / Developmental toxicity of misoprostol: An update

Misoprostol, a synthetic analog of prostaglandin E1, is currently used in Chile and other countries as an antiulcer medication, mainly for the prevention of non-steroidal anti-infammatory-induced gastric ulcers. Due to its uterotonic properties, it is also indicated in obstetrics for induction of labor and termination of pregnancy. In this last case, misoprostol is either used alone or in combination with other oxytocic drugs such as methotrexate or mifepristone. The use of misoprostol as an abortifacient agent is considered to be safe since it rarely causes serious side effects. However up to 15 percent of misoprostol-induced-abortions may not be successful, even under medical supervision, leading to in utero exposure to the drug and to the induction of a series of birth defects including limb and joints defects and Moebius syndrome. Reports from the nineties failed to show a strong epidemiological association between in utero drug exposure and induction of defects, a situation that has changed now that the number of cases reported has increased. Since the practice of abortion is illegal in Chile, many women turn to off-medical procedures to interrupt their pregnancy and use misoprostol as an easy and cheap alternative, readily available in the INTERNET. The lack of medical supervision in these cases may lead to situations that favor the induction of congenital defects. Here, we present an updated review of scientifc data, to evaluate the risk of birth defects in babies exposed to the drug during pregnancy termination failed attempts.

Infección por aborto inducido en el Hospital Nacional de San Marcos (Guatemala) / Infection due to induced abortion at San Marcos National Hospital (Guatemala)

Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 40 pacientes con infección por aborto inducido, ingresadas en la Sala de Ginecoobstetricia del Hospital Nacional de San Marcos (Guatemala), desde abril hasta septiembre del 2006, con vista a determinar la manifestación clínica de este proceso séptico. En la serie predominaron las mujeres que habían tenido múltiples embarazos, las amas de casa y las féminas analfabetas o de bajo nivel escolar. Las complicaciones médicas más importantes ocurrieron cuando el proveedor del servicio no estaba calificado para brindarlo (por ejemplo, comadronas), fundamentalmente en adolescentes y desocupadas, en las cuales primó la salpingitis grave.

A descriptive and cross-sectional study of 40 patients with infection due to induced abortion, hospitalized at the Gynecology-Obstetrics Ward from San Marcos National Hospital (Guatemala), was carried out from April, 2006 to September, 2006, in order to determine the clinical manifestation of this septic condition. Women having multiple pregnancies, housewives, as well as illiterate women or with low educational status were predominant in the series. The most important medical complications, such as severe salpingitis, showed up mainly in adolescent and unemployed females when the service provider was not qualified to offer the adequate delivery care (for example, midwives).

Magnitude do aborto inseguro em Pernambuco, Brasil, 1996 a 2006 / Unsafe abortion in Pernambuco State, Brazil, 1996-2006

Este estudo estima a magnitude e a razão de abortos inseguros segundo os nascidos vivos, em Pernambuco, Brasil, e nas microrregionais de saúde do estado, entre 1996 e 2006. Realizou-se um estudo descritivo, ecológico, de tendência temporal, com análise espaço-temporal da razão de abortos inseguros. Obteve-se o número de internações hospitalares de mulheres por complicações de aborto do Sistema de Informação Hospitalar (SIH/SUS); utilizou-se a metodologia empregada pelo Instituto Alan Guttmacher para estimar o número de abortos inseguros. Verificou-se que a maioria das internações e das estimativas de aborto inseguro ocorreu nas GERES I e IV. Em relação à razão das estimativas de aborto inseguro por nascidos vivos, houve tendência de crescimento nas GERES II, IV, VII, IX, X e XI e redução nas GERES I, III, V, VI e VIII, mas apenas as GERES I, V, X e XI têm relação estatisticamente significante. Conclui-se que Pernambuco apresentou uma alta taxa de internação por aborto entre 1996 e 2007. A estimativa de abortos inseguros se apresenta elevada, com de média de 56.457 ao ano, 4.705 por mês e 157 por dia.

This study estimates the total number of unsafe abortions and the ratio of unsafe abortions to live births in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil, and in the State's micro-regions (GERES) from 1996 to 2006. A descriptive, ecological, time trend study was performed on the ratio of unsafe abortions to live births. The number of hospital admissions from complications of abortions was obtained from the Hospital Information System (SIH/SUS). The Alan Guttmacher Institute methodology was used to estimate the number of unsafe abortions. The majority of admissions and estimated unsafe abortions occurred in the 1st and 4th GERES. As for the ratio of unsafe abortions to live births, there was an upward trend in the 2nd, 4th, 7th, 9th, 10th, and 11th GERES and a decrease in the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 6th, and 8th GERES, but the trends were only statistically significant in the 1st,5th, 10th, and 11th GERES. In conclusion, Pernambuco showed a high abortion-related hospitalization rate from 1996 to 2007. The estimated number of unsafe abortions was high, with an average of 56,457 per year, 4,705 per month, or 157 per day.

Health providers' perception towards safe abortion service at selected health facilities in Addis Ababa

In Ethiopia, unsafe abortion accounts up to 32% of maternal deaths. The perception of health providers towards safe abortion provision at selected health facilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia was assessed. A stratified random sampling was used to select 431 health providers. A cross-sectional study was conducted from March 25-April15, 2008 using a structured self-administered questionnaire. The results were interpreted using descriptive statistics and odds ratios. A majority of the health providers (96.4%) recognized that unsafe abortion was a serious health problem. Providers who had safe abortion practice were 2.57(95% CI 1.49-4.44) times more likely to have favorable attitude towards safe abortion than those without practice. Similarly, providers who knew the law governing abortion were 1.77 (95% CI 1.12-2.78) times more likely to have this favorable attitude than those who lack this knowledge. In conclusion, training of health providers on safe abortion and reproductive rights are essential to reduce maternal mortality (Afr J Reprod Health 2011; 15[1]: 31-36)

[ relationship between adverse pregnancy outcomes and secondary infertility]

Although numerous studies have depicted the association between adverse pregnancy outcomes and the future fertility status, this relationship has not been clearly outlined. A positive past medical history for adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as induced abortion, ectopic pregnancy, postpartum infection, premature rupture of membranes can affects women's fertility prospects. The main goal of this study was to determine the relationship between previous pregnancy outcomes and secondary infertility. This retrospective case-control study was done on 182 [92 infertile and 90 pregnant women], 15-45 years old patients during a six-month period in 2008-2009. The study took place in Imam Djavad Hospital in Naghan, Chaharmahal Bakhtiari province, in Iran. The outcomes of prior pregnancies such as abortion, ectopic pregnancy, postpartum infection, prolonged labor, premature rupture of membranes, manual removal of the placenta and postpartum curettage were compared to those of the controls. The data were analyzed by t-test and chi-square. In the case group, induced abortion and postpartum infection were significantly higher than the control group [p<0.05]. No significant differences were found between the two groups regarding a history for spontaneous abortion, ectopic pregnancy, prolonged labor, premature rupture of membranes, manual removal of placenta or postpartum curettage. A past medical history of induced abortion and postpartum infection can negatively affects prospective pregnancy outcomes. By educating women and health care providers, we may help prevent the detrimental effects of these disease states on women's future fertility status

Anticoncepción postcoital en mujeres adultas y adolescentes sordas / Post-coital contraception in deaf adult women and teenagers

Se revisa la información actualizada sobre los procederes utilizados en anticoncepción postcoital, ya sea mediante el empleo de métodos hormonales (tabletas anticonceptivas) o no hormonales (dispositivos intrauterinos), con el objetivo de lograr que la población femenina sorda en edad fértil conozca y sea capaz de utilizar estos métodos, a fin de disminuir los embarazos no deseados, que conllevan a su interrupción, con sus consabidas complicaciones. El proceder hormonal puede realizarse con los preparados contraceptivos disponibles en el país, es eficaz y tiene escasa complicaciones, mientras que el método no hormonal (dispositivo intrauterino), aunque con indicaciones más precisas, resulta también de elevada efectividad.

We reviewed the updated information on procedures used in postcoital contraception, using either hormonal (contraceptive tablets) or non-hormonal (intrauterine devices) methods. Our objective was that deaf, fertile, feminine population could know and be able of using these methods, to reduce unwanted pregnancy leading to an interruption, with its unpredictable complications. The hormonal procedure could be made with the contraceptive preparations available in the country; it is efficacious and has scarce complications, while the non hormonal method (intrauterine device), although it has more specific indications, has also a high effectiveness.

Pesquisa sobre o aborto no Brasil: avanços e desafios para o campo da saúde coletiva: [revisão] / Research on abortion in Brazil: gaps and challenges for the public health field: [review]

O texto apresenta um panorama dos estudos sobre aborto no país, no campo da Saúde Coletiva, apontando lacunas e desafios para a investigação. A maioria das pesquisas está concentrada em hospitais públicos, com mulheres admitidas para tratamento do aborto incompleto, restringindo-se portanto aos abortos que apresentaram complicações. Descrevem o perfil das mulheres, métodos e razões para o aborto e conseqüências imediatas para a saúde física. Entretanto, permanecem limites relacionados à necessidade de estudos para mensuração da incidência do aborto; para investigação das especificidades dos óbitos por aborto e casos de morbidade grave; para análise da relação do aborto com anticoncepção; para investigação das repercussões do aborto na saúde mental das mulheres e para incorporação da perspectiva masculina. É urgente o desenvolvimento de pesquisas de avaliação da atenção ao aborto nos serviços públicos. Os resultados dos estudos devem ser divulgados, contribuindo para superar a visão ideologizada da discussão do direito ao aborto no país.

This paper provides a review of abortion studies produced in the field of public health in Brazil, highlighting current research gaps and challenges. Most studies focus on women admitted to public hospitals for treatment of incomplete abortion, so their scope is limited to abortions presenting complications. Women's profiles, abortion methods, motives, and immediate consequences for women's physical health are also included. However, there remains a need for studies on the following aspects: measuring abortion incidence; investigating cases of post-abortion complications and death; analyzing the relationship between abortion and contraception; investigating the impact of abortion on women's mental health; and incorporating men's perspectives. There is an urgent need for evaluative research on abortion care in public services. Research results should be disseminated widely, so as to help overcome any ideological bias in the current debate on abortion rights in the country.